Sony AC-VQV10 Battery Charger User Manual


 
Symptom Cause/Solution
When the CHARGE lamp blinks, read the following and take suitable action
depending on how the CHARGE lamp blinks.
The CHARGE lamp blinks in the following two ways.
Blinks quickly: Turns on and o repeatedly every 0.15 seconds
Blinks slowly: Turns on and o repeatedly every 1.5 seconds
When the CHARGE lamp
keeps blinking slowly and
“WAITING” is displayed in the
display window.
Charging is temporarily stopped. is unit is
in the standby state.
If the room temperature or the battery
temperature is out of the appropriate
temperature range, charging stops
automatically.
When the room temperature returns to the
appropriate range, the CHARGE lamp lights
up and charging restarts.
We recommend charging the battery pack at
10 °C to 30 °C (50 °F to 86 °F).
WAITING WAITING
When the CHARGE
lamp blinks quickly and
“WARNING” is displayed in
the display window
e battery pack is being
charged aer a long period of
non-use.
A battery that has not been used for a long time
may lack the minimum required remaining
capacity for this unit and battery pack to
recognize each another. In this case, remove the
battery pack from the unit and then install and
charge it again.
If “WARNING” is still displayed, check
according to the following procedure.
Remove the battery pack from this unit and then reinstall it.
The CHARGE lamp blinks again:
Install another battery pack.
The CHARGE lamp lights up and
does not blink again:
If the CHARGE lamp goes out
because the charging time has
passed, there is no problem.
The CHARGE lamp blinks again:
e problem is with this unit.
The CHARGE lamp lights up and
does not blink again:
If the CHARGE lamp goes out
because the charging time has
passed, the problem is with the
battery pack rst installed.
Please contact your nearest Sony dealer regarding a product that may have a
problem.
Specications
AC-VQV10
Input 100 V - 240 V AC 50/60 Hz 26 W
Output 8.4 V DC 1.7 A (VCR)
8.4 V DC 2.2 A (BATT)
Operating temperature 0 °C to 40 °C (32 °F to 104 °F)
Storage temperature –20 °C to +60 °C (–4 °F to +140 °F)
Dimensions
(excluding the projecting
parts)
Approx. 100 × 67 × 111 mm (w/h/d)
(4 × 2 3/4 × 4 3/8 in.)
Mass Approx. 330 g (11.7 oz)
Included items
A
C Adaptor/Charger (AC-VQV10) (1)
AC Power cord (1)
Connecting cord (DK-225) (1)
Set of printed documentation
Design and specications are subject to change without notice.
Note
Use a commercially available AC plug Adaptor (not supplied), if necessary,
depending on the design of the wall outlet.
AC plug Adaptor (not supplied)
AC-VQV10
Wall outlet
Do not connect this unit to a voltage Adaptor (travel converter) for overseas
travel. is may result in overheating or other malfunction.
The AC-VQV10 AC Adaptor/Charger can be
used as follows
For operating Sony equipment (video cameras etc.) using the connection cords
included with this unit.
For charging Sony rechargeable battery packs (V series, H series, P series). e
following functions are available when charging an “InfoLITHIUM” battery pack.
With an “ActiFORCE” battery pack, even more advanced control is possible.
Quick charging
(Faster than charging with your video camera, etc.)
Approximate charging time and battery life can be displayed.
For charging lithium ion battery packs. Cannot be used to recharge Ni-Cd or
Ni-MH batteries.
Cannot be used with some model video cameras or other equipment. Conrm
the compatibility of your equipment before use.
What is “InfoLITHIUM”?
“InfoLITHIUM” is a lithium ion battery pack which can exchange data on battery
consumption with compatible electronic equipment. We recommend that you use an
“InfoLITHIUM” battery pack (V series, H series, P series) with electronic equipment
that has the
mark.
“InfoLITHIUM” is a trademark of Sony Corporation.
What is “ActiFORCE”?
“ActiFORCE” is the function name for next generation power systems.
“ActiFORCE” has higher capacity, quicker recharge, and faster and more accurate
calculation of remaining battery capacity compared to our existing “InfoLITHIUM”
battery pack P series power system.
“ActiFORCE” is a trademark of Sony Corporation.
Notes on the BATTERY LIFE indicator and the
Battery remaining % indication (Read carefully
before use)
While charging the battery pack, this unit shows the battery life and the remaining
battery capacity if used with your video camera, etc. so long as the following
conditions are met.
You are using an “InfoLITHIUM” battery pack.
You are using a video camera, etc. with the
mark.
Check the battery pack has the mark. Check in the operating
instructions supplied with your video equipment whether it is “InfoLITHIUM”
compatible.
If you use the battery pack with more than one video camera, etc. with the
mark, the remaining battery time shown is if using with the equipment last attached to the
battery pack.
Compensation for Recorded Content
Sony will not provide compensation for any failure to record or play back images,
sound or other content due to a malfunction of the battery pack or AC adaptor/
charger.
To Operate Video Equipment
See illustration
.
For details of connection, refer to the operating instructions of the video camera etc.
1 Set the mode switch to VCR/CAMERA.
2 C
onnect the AC power cord to this unit.
3 C
onnect the AC power cord to a wall outlet.
ere is a beep and the display window comes on.
4 Connect the connecting cord to the DC OUT connector of this unit.
5 C
onnect the connecting cord to the video camera.
For the direction in which to t the connecting cord, refer to the operating
instructions of video camera etc.
Notes
Setting the mode switch to CHARGE while operating the video camera etc. cuts
the power supply to the video camera.
You cannot charge a battery pack installed in this unit when this unit is in VCR/
CAMERA mode.
Keep this unit away from your video camera etc. if the image is distorted.
e illustration shows connection to an HDR-CX550V digital HD video camera
recorder.
To Charge the Battery Pack
See illustration
-
.
Also refer to the operating instructions of your device (video camera etc,)
and battery pack.
1 Set the mode switch to CHARGE.
2 C
onnect the AC power cord to this unit.
3 C
onnect the AC power cord to a wall outlet.
ere is a beep and the display window comes on.
4 Install the battery pack.
Refer to “To install the battery pack”. When charging starts, the battery mark in
the display window blinks in sequence and the CHARGE lamp lights up.
5 When charging is complete, remove the battery pack.
ere are two levels of charge completion: “Normal charge” and “Full charge”.
5
2
3
4
1
4-172-847-12(1)
Operating Instructions
Mode d’emploi
AC Adaptor/Charger
Adaptateur/Chargeur CA
© 2010 Sony Corporation Printed in Japan
AC-VQV10
WAITING
WARNING
BATTERY LIFE
TIME TO CHG
NORMAL FULL
h m
VCR/CAMERA
Normal charge
When charge is completed, the battery mark is
displayed as illustrated on the right.
Full charge
If you continue to charge aer normal charging
is complete until the battery mark shows “FULL”,
the battery pack can be used slightly longer than
when in the normal charged state.
Refer to “To remove the battery pack” when removing the battery pack.
Installing two battery packs simultaneously
You can install two battery packs in this unit at the same time. Charging starts with
the battery pack installed in Slot
.
When two battery packs are installed but not simultaneously, charging starts with
the battery pack installed rst regardless of whether it is in Slot
or
.
Note
is unit can be installed with two battery packs but cannot charge both
simultaneously.
To install the battery pack
See illustration
-
.
Place the battery pack on this unit with the
mark facing the
terminal.
Slide the battery pack in the direction of the arrow.
To remove the battery pack
See illustration
-
.
Slide the battery pack in the direction of the arrow and li it straight out.
Notes
Do not pick up this unit by holding the battery pack.
Be particularly careful not to hit the battery pack when installing it.
Be careful not to pinch your ngers while installing or removing the battery pack.
Charging time
e following tables show the charging time for a main battery pack that has been
completely discharged.
Quick Charge
“InfoLITHIUM” battery pack V series
NP-FV100 NP-FV70 NP-FV50
Normal charge
125 min 70 min 55 min
Full charge
185 min 130 min 115 min
“InfoLITHIUM” battery pack H series
NP-FH100 NP-FH70 NP-FH50
Normal charge
130 min 65 min 55 min
Full charge
190 min 125 min 115 min
“InfoLITHIUM” battery pack P series
NP-FP90 NP-FP71 NP-FP50
Normal charge
115 min 80 min 65 min
Full charge
175 min 140 min 125 min
e charging time may dier depending on the condition of the battery pack and
the ambient temperature.
e times shown are for charging an empty battery pack which has been run
down with a video camera etc., using this unit at an ambient temperature of 25 °C
(77 °F).
To use the battery pack quickly
You can use the battery pack even if you remove it from this unit before charging is
completed. However, a shorter charging time means a shorter useable time.
Charging time and “10-minute charging/approx.
55-minute recording”
e times shown are the approximate continuous recording times at an ambient
temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) when using an NP-FV70 rechargeable battery pack (sold
separately) and a video camera that has a power consumption of 1.8W when used
without its LCD display.
is is when using a battery pack immediately aer running it down with a video
camera. It does not include a battery pack that has deteriorated, for example because
it has not been used for a long time.
ere are two kinds of charging, normal charge and full charge.
Generally, the charging time and available recording time vary depending on the
battery pack and conditions of use.
Notes
If the mode switch is set to VCR/CAMERA during charging, charging stops.
If the CHARGE lamp does not light up or blink, check that the battery pack is
correctly attached to the AC Adaptor/Charger. If it is not correctly attached, it will
not be charged.
If anything goes wrong during charging, the charge lamp blinks and “WARNING”
appears on the display. For details, see “Troubleshooting”.
To Check Charging
See illustration
.
When charging starts, the battery life or the battery remaining % indication* lights
up in the display window (*when using the battery pack V series). e battery
life displayed is the approximate time remaining for recording images using the
viewnder. e battery life is shorter if the LCD display is used.
e battery life may not be displayed with certain video cameras. For details, refer to
“Notes on the BATTERY LIFE indicator and the Battery remaining % indication”.
Press DISPLAY during charging.
During charging, the contents of the display window change each time you press
the DISPLAY change button. e slot indicator lamp shows the slot number for the
battery information displayed. When two battery packs are installed simultaneously,
the time display of the battery pack not being charged returns automatically aer
about 10 seconds to the time display of the battery pack being charged.
Here is an example of installing a battery pack in Slot
followed by another in Slot
.
e slot indicator lamp corresponds to the slot number.
Battery life if the rst installed battery pack is installed in your
“InfoLITHIUM” electronic equipment.
Remaining time un
til normal charging of the rst installed battery
pack is complete.
e normal charge time is not displayed aer full charging is complete.
Remaining time until full charging of the rst installed battery pack
is complete.
e full charge time is not displayed aer full charging is complete.
is is not displayed when two battery packs are installed simultaneously.
Battery life if the last installed battery pack is installed in your
“InfoLITHIUM” electronic equipment.
Remaining time un
til normal charging of the last installed battery
pack is complete.
e normal charge time is not displayed aer full charging is complete.
Remaining time until full charging of the last installed battery pack
is complete.
e full charge time is not displayed aer full charging is complete.
Notes
e time display or the remaining battery capacity when charging at 25 °C (77 °F)
are approximate. ey may dier from the actual time and remaining battery
capacity depending on the environment of use.
It may take some time aer pressing DISPLAY for the time to be displayed.
e time display of the battery pack on the side not being charged may take some
time to appear.
To display the battery life of a new battery pack, rst install it in your video
camera recorder and use it for about 20 seconds, and then charge it with this unit.
If you install a fully charged battery pack in this unit, “TIME TO CHG FULL 1h”
may appear on the display. is is not a malfunction.
e time display may show “– – – –” in the following cases. is is not a
malfunction.
ere is a dierence between the time display and actual charging time. Even if
this happens, continue charging.
When charging a battery other than an “InfoLITHIUM” battery pack (Battery
life display and other functions are not available.)
In the following cases, there may be some deviation in the time display. is is not
a malfunction.
If the battery pack is removed from this unit aer normal charge is nished but
before full charge is nished. (It takes about one hour from when normal charge
is complete to when full charge is complete.)
When charging a battery pack that has not been use for a long time. (Fully
charge once rst.)
When charging a P series “InfoLITHIUM” battery pack, it may take about one
minute aer installing the battery pack for the time to appear in the display
window.
Full charging requires about one hour aer normal charging is complete.
When charging a battery pack that has not been used for a long time, the displayed
battery life and full charge time sometimes dier from the actual times. is is not
a malfunction. If this happens, fully charge the battery pack. e correct times can
then be displayed.
Identifying the parts
See illustration
.
Slot
Mode switch
DISPLAY change button
CHARGE lamp
DC OUT connector
Slot
CHARGE lamp
Display window
Slot indicator lamp
Display window
“InfoLITHIUM” indicator
WAITING indicator
WARNING indicator
TIME TO CHG (charge) indicator
Time indicator
BATTERY LIFE indicator
VCR/CAMERA indicator
Battery remaining % indication
Normal charge indicator
Full charge indicator
Battery life indicator
English
ank you for purchasing the Sony AC Adaptor/Charger.
Before operating the unit, please read this manual thoroughly and retain it for future
reference.
Owner’s Record
e model and serial numbers are located on the bottom of the unit.
Record the serial number in the space provided below.
Refer to these numbers whenever you call upon your Sony dealer regarding this
product.
Model No. AC- Serial No.
WARNING
To reduce re or shock hazard, do not expose the unit to rain or moisture.
Do not expose the batteries to excessive heat such as sunshine, re or the like.
To avoid electrical shock, do not open the cabinet.
Refer servicing to qualied personnel only.
The AC Power cord must only be changed at a qualied service shop.
CAUTION
Replace the battery with the specied type only. Otherwise, re or injury may result.
PRECAUTION
e set is not disconnected from the AC power source (mains) as long as it is
connected to the wall outlet, even if the set itself has been turned o.
NOTICE FOR THE CUSTOMERS IN THE U.S.A.
CAUTION
You are cautioned that any changes or modications not expressly approved in this
manual could void your authority to operate this equipment.
Note:
is equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class
B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. ese limits are designed
to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. is equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency
energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular
installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television
reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment o and on, the user
is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit dierent from that to which the
receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
NOTICE FOR THE CUSTOMERS IN THE U.S.A. AND CANADA
IMPORTANT SAFETY
INSTRUCTIONS
SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS.
DANGER - TO REDUCE THE RISK OF
FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK, CAREFULLY
FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS.
is power unit is intended to be correctly orientated in a vertical or oor mount position.
F
or connection to a supply not in the U.S.A., use an attachment plug adapter of the proper conguration for
the power outlet.
Battery to be recharged for this product is follows
Brand Name Sony
Battery Type NP-FV30 NP-FV50 NP-FH50 NP-FV70 NP-FV100
Rating
(Typical Capacity)
DC 7.2 V
3.6 Wh
(500 mAh)
DC 6.8 V
7.0 Wh
(1030 mAh)
DC 6.8 V
6.1 Wh
(900 mAh)
DC 6.8 V
14.0 Wh
(2060 mAh)
DC 6.8 V
26.5 Wh
(3900 mAh)
Representative plug of power supply cord of countries/regions
around the world.
A type
(American Type)
B type
(British Type)
BF type
(British Type)
B3 type
(British Type)
C type
(CEE Type)
SE type
(CEE Type)
O type
(Ocean Type)
e representative supply voltage and plug type are described in this chart.
Depend on an area, Dierent type of plug and supply voltage are used.
Attention: Power cord meeting demands from each country shall be used.
For only the United States
Use a UL Listed, 1.8-3 m (6-10 ), Type SPT-2 or NISPT-2, AWG no. 18 power
supply cord, rated for 125V 7A, with a NEMA 1-15P plug rated for 125V 15A.”
Europe
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Austria 230 50 C
Belgium 230 50 C
Czech 220 50 C
Denmark 230 50 C
Finland 230 50 C
France 230 50 C
Germany 230 50 C
Greece 220 50 C
Hungary 220 50 C
Iceland 230 50 C
Ireland 230 50 C/BF
Italy 220 50 C
Luxemburg 230 50 C
Netherlands 230 50 C
Norway 230 50 C
Poland 220 50 C
Portugal 230 50 C
Romania 220 50 C
Russia 220 50 C
Slovak 220 50 C
Spain 127/230 50 C
Sweden 230 50 C
Switzerland 230 50 C
UK 240 50 BF
Asia
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
China 220 50 A
Hong Kong 200/220 50 BF
India 230/240 50 C
Indonesia 127/230 50 C
Japan 100 50/60 A
Korea (rep) 220 60 C
Malaysia 240 50 BF
Philippines 220/230 60 A/C
Singapore 230 50 BF
Taiwan 110 60 A
Thailand 220 50 C/BF
Vietnam 220 50 A/C
Oceania
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Australia 240 50 O
New Zealand 230/240 50 O
North America
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Canada 120 60 A
USA 120 60 A
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
A battery pack installed in Slot
only
Two battery packs installed in Slot
and Slot
The contents of the display window change each time you press
the DISPLAY change button.
To remove
Central America
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Bahamas 120/240 60 A
Costa Rica 110 60 A
Cuba 110/220 60 A/C
Dominican (rep) 110 60 A
El Salvador 110 60 A
Guatemala 120 60 A
Honduras 110 60 A
Jamaica 110 50 A
Mexico 120/127 60 A
Nicaragua 120/240 60 A
Panama 110/220 60 A
South America
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Argentina 220 50 C/BF/O
Brazil 127/220 60 A/C
Chile 220 50 C
Colombia 120 60 A
Peru 220 60 A/C
Venezuela 120 60 A
Middle East
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Iran 220 50 C/BF
Iraq 220 50 C/BF
Israel 230 50 C
Saudi Arabia 127/220 50 A/C/BF
Turkey 220 50 C
UAE 240 50 C/BF
Africa
Countries/Regions Voltage Frequency (Hz) Plug type
Algeria 127/220 50 C
Congo (dem) 220 50 C
Egypt 220 50 C
Ethiopia 220 50 C
Kenya 240 50 C/BF
Nigeria 230 50 C/BF
South Africa 220/230 50 C/BF
Tanzania 230 50 C/BF
Tunisia 220 50 C
NOTICE FOR THE CUSTOMERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
A moulded plug complying with BS 1363 is tted to this equipment for your safety
and convenience.
Should the fuse in the plug supplied need to be replaced, a fuse of the same rating as
the supplied one and approved by ASTA or BSI to BS1362 (i.e., marked with
or
mark) must be used.
If the plug supplied with this equipment has a detachable fuse cover, be sure to
attach the fuse cover aer you change the fuse. Never use the plug without the
fuse cover. If you should lose the fuse cover, please contact your nearest Sony
service station.
<Notice for the customers in the countries applying EU Directives>
e manufacturer of this product is Sony Corporation, 1-7-1 Konan Minato-ku
Tokyo, 108-0075 Japan. e Authorized Representative for EMC and product safety
is Sony Deutschland GmbH, Hedelnger Strasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany.
For any service or guarantee matters please refer to the addresses given in separate
service or guarantee documents.
For the Customers in Europe
Disposal of Old Electrical & Electronic Equipment (Applicable
in the European Union and other European countries with
separate collection systems)
is symbol on the product or on its packaging indicates that this
product shall not be treated as household waste. Instead it shall
be handed over to the applicable collection point for the recycling
of electrical and electronic equipment. By ensuring this product
is disposed of correctly, you will help prevent potential negative
consequences for the environment and human health, which
could otherwise be caused by inappropriate waste handling of this
product. e recycling of materials will help to conserve natural
resources. For more detailed information about recycling of this
product, please contact your local Civic Oce, your household
waste disposal service or the shop where you purchased the
product.
Notes on Use
This unit does not have dust-proof, splash-proof or waterproof
specications.
Charging
Designed for use with compatible Sony battery packs.
Only charge recommended battery packs with this unit.
Attach the battery pack rmly.
Charging temperature
To provide maximum battery eciency, the recommended temperature range
when charging is 10 °C to 30 °C (50 °F to 86 °F).
is unit provides quick charging, but charging outside the recommended
temperature range leads to longer charging times in order to protect the
battery pack. Once the charging time has been extended, it will not return to
quick charging even if the temperature is brought within the recommended
temperature range. Reattach the battery pack and then recharge it.
Where not to put this unit
Do not put this unit in any of the following places, whether it is in use or in storage.
Doing so may lead to a malfunction.
Where it is extremely hot
Near a heater or in direct sunlight such as on a dashboard. is unit may become
deformed or malfunction.
Where there is excessive vibration
Where there is strong electromagnetism or radiation
Where there is excessive sand
Protect this unit from sand and dust in places such as the seashore and other
sandy areas or where dust clouds occur, as there is risk of malfunction.
Precautions on Use
Do not place objects lled with liquids, such as vases, on the apparatus.
Do not use the unit placed in a narrow space, such as between a wall and
furniture.
e nameplate indicating operating voltage, power consumption, etc. is located on
the bottom.
Attach the battery pack rmly to this unit when charging the battery pack.
e battery terminal may be damaged if the battery pack is not attached correctly.
Do not use this unit where there are strong radio waves or radiation. Video
cameras etc. may not be able to record or play back correctly.
To protect the battery pack, remove it from this unit when charging is completed.
Do not drop or apply mechanical shock to this unit.
Keep this unit away from TVs or AM receivers. Noise from this unit may enter the
TV or radio if placed nearby.
Connect this unit to an available wall outlet. Even when the CHARGE lamp of
this unit is o, the power is still connected. If any trouble occurs while this unit is
in use, unplug it from the wall outlet to disconnect the power.
Be sure that nothing metallic comes into contact with the metal parts of this unit
or connecting cord. If it does, a short may occur and this unit may be damaged.
Do not connect this unit to a voltage adaptor (travel converter) for overseas travel.
is may result in overheating or another malfunction.
is unit gets warm during use. is is not a malfunction.
Unplug this unit from the wall outlet aer use. To disconnect the cord, pull it out
by the plug. Never pull the cord itself.
Remove the battery from this unit when charging is complete. Keeping the battery
attached may decrease the battery life.
Maintenance
If this unit gets dirty, wipe it using a so dry cloth.
If this unit gets very dirty, wipe it using a cloth with a little neutral solvent added,
and then wipe it dry.
Do not use thinners, benzine, alcohol, etc., as they will damage the surface of this
unit.
When using a chemical cleaning cloth, refer to its instruction manual.
Spraying with a volatile solvent such as an insecticide or prolonged contact with
rubber or vinyl may cause deterioration or damage to this unit.
Troubleshooting
Symptom Cause/Solution
Video equipment
does not work
e power plug is disconnected from the wall outlet.
Insert into a wall outlet.
e connector cable is not properly connected.
Connect properly.
e mode switch is set to CHARGE.
Set the mode switch to VCR/CAMERA.
e battery pack is
not charged
e mode switch is set to VCR/CAMERA.
Set the mode switch to CHARGE.
Power immediately
turns o even though
there is sucient
battery life, or the
displayed battery
life diers from the
actual battery life
Run down the battery pack and then fully charge it again.
e battery life will be correctly displayed.
e display is not
changed
Refer to “Notes on the BATTERY LIFE indicator and the
Battery remaining % indication”.
Quick charging is not
performed
e temperature of the battery pack is too high or too low.
e display shown below may appear if a battery
pack with a high or low temperature is attached, or
if charging is performed outside the recommended
charging temperature range of 10 °C to 30 °C (50 °F
to 86 °F). Although charging can still be performed in
these cases, quick charging is not performed in order
to protect the battery pack.
充電異常 使用可能時間
実用満充電
 終了まで
時間
VTR/カメラ
SYSTEM
充電異常 使用可能時間
実用満充電
 終了まで
時間
VTR/カメラ
SYSTEM